课程第6次
rescue:能够continue :文件系统本身没有问题+原/etc/fstab内容正确。
能够chroot： 在continue之后， 原/bin/bash和原/bin/mount没有丢失。
PV/VG/LV的小实验：
# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000db1f1
Device Boot Start End Blocks IdSystem
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 41943039 19921920 8eLinux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x7380aaa7
Device Boot Start End Blocks IdSystem
/dev/sdb1 2048 1026047 512000 8eLinux LVM
/dev/sdb4 1026048 2097151 535552 5Extended
/dev/sdb5 1028096 2097151 534528 8eLinux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/rhel-root: 18.2 GB, 18249416704 bytes, 35643392 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/rhel-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/vol0-test: 33 MB, 33554432 bytes, 65536 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/vol0-test2: 50 MB, 50331648 bytes, 98304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# cat /proc/partitions
major minor#blocksname
8 0 20971520 sda
8 1 1048576 sda1
8 2 19921920 sda2
8 16 1048576 sdb
8 17 512000 sdb1
8 20 1 sdb4
8 21 534528 sdb5
11 0 4391936 sr0
253 0 17821696 dm-0
253 1 2097152 dm-1
253 2 32768 dm-2
253 3 49152 dm-3
# pvs
PV VG FmtAttr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2rhel lvm2 a--<19.00g 0
/dev/sdb1 lvm2 ---500.00m 500.00m
/dev/sdb5vol0 lvm2 a--512.00m 432.00m
# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rhel 1 2 0 wz--n- <19.00g 0
vol0 1 2 0 wz--n- 512.00m 432.00m
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%Meta%Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
rootrhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g
swaprhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g
testvol0 -wi-a-----32.00m
test2 vol0 -wi-a-----48.00m
# vgdisplay vol0
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vol0
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No5
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 512.00 MiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 32
Alloc PE / Size 5 / 80.00 MiB
FreePE / Size 27 / 432.00 MiB
VG UUID D9muED-xgR5-rLEx-3aUg-LCe4-T3OZ-YFBP5T
# pvs
PV VG FmtAttr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2rhel lvm2 a--<19.00g 0
/dev/sdb1 lvm2 ---500.00m 500.00m
/dev/sdb5vol0 lvm2 a--512.00m 432.00m
# pvremove /dev/sdb5
PV /dev/sdb5 is used by VG vol0 so please use vgreduce first.
(If you are certain you need pvremove, then confirm by using --force twice.)
/dev/sdb5: physical volume label not removed.
# vgextendvol0 /dev/sdb1
Volume group "vol0" successfully extended
# vgreduce vol0/dev/sdb5
Physical volume "/dev/sdb5" still in use
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%Meta%Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
rootrhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g
swaprhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g
testvol0 -wi-a-----32.00m
test2 vol0 -wi-a-----48.00m
#
同时观察以下终端：
# vgs vol0
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vol0 1 2 0 wz--n- 512.00m 432.00m
# vgs vol0
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vol0 2 2 0 wz--n- 1008.00m 928.00m
#
解决办法：1. 挪走pv上面的数据（pvmove）
2. 缩小vg
3. pvremove
# pvmove /dev/sdb5 /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb5: Moved: 40.00%
/dev/sdb5: Moved: 100.00%
# pvs
PV VG FmtAttr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2rhel lvm2 a--<19.00g 0
/dev/sdb1vol0 lvm2 a--496.00m 416.00m
/dev/sdb5vol0 lvm2 a--512.00m 512.00m
# vgreducevol0 /dev/sdb5
Removed "/dev/sdb5" from volume group "vol0"
# pvs
PV VG FmtAttr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2rhel lvm2 a--<19.00g 0
/dev/sdb1vol0 lvm2 a--496.00m 416.00m
/dev/sdb5 lvm2 ---522.00m 522.00m
# pvremove /dev/sdb5
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb5" successfully wiped.
#
扩大逻辑卷和文件系统：
Last login: Tue Apr 16 08:53:35 2019
# pvs
PV VG FmtAttr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2rhel lvm2 a--<19.00g 0
/dev/sdb1vol0 lvm2 a--496.00m 496.00m
/dev/sdb5vol0 lvm2 a--512.00m 432.00m
# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rhel 1 2 0 wz--n-<19.00g 0
vol0 2 2 0 wz--n- 1008.00m 928.00m
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%Meta%Move Log Cpy%Sync Conv ert
rootrhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g
swaprhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g
testvol0 -wi-ao----32.00m
test2 vol0 -wi-ao----48.00m
# lvextend -L 320M /dev/vol0/test
Size of logical volume vol0/test changed from 32.00 MiB (2 extents) to 320.00 MiB (20 extents).
Logical volume vol0/test successfully resized.
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 45M2.6M 43M 6% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 27M 27M 0 100% /a
tmpfs 182M8.0K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
# resize2fs/dev/vol0/test
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/vol0/test is mounted on /a; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/vol0/test is now 327680 blocks long.
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 45M2.6M 43M 6% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 306M 28M265M10% /a
tmpfs 182M8.0K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
# lvextend -L +20M /dev/vol0/test
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 32.00 MiB.
Size of logical volume vol0/test changed from 320.00 MiB (20 extents) to 352.0 0 MiB (22 extents).
Logical volume vol0/test successfully resized.
# resize2fs/dev/vol0/test
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/vol0/test is mounted on /a; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/vol0/test is now 360448 blocks long.
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 45M2.6M 43M 6% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 337M 28M295M 9% /a
tmpfs 182M8.0K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
# lvextend -l +1 /dev/vol0/test
Size of logical volume vol0/test changed from 352.00 MiB (22 extents) to 368.0 0 MiB (23 extents).
Logical volume vol0/test successfully resized.
# resize2fs/dev/vol0/test
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/vol0/test is mounted on /a; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/vol0/test is now 376832 blocks long.
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 45M2.6M 43M 6% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 353M 28M310M 9% /a
tmpfs 182M8.0K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
xfs 版本：
# df -Th
Filesystem Type SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-rootxfs 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 xfs 45M2.6M 43M 6% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-testext4 353M 28M310M 9% /a
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 12K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
# lvdisplay/dev/vol0/test2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vol0/test2
LV Name test2
VG Name vol0
LV UUID 3TxeHB-gXRj-a1JU-Z05r-ZF4n-AEpI-eqwAzp
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time station60.example.com, 2019-04-13 10:00:50 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 48.00 MiB
Current LE 3
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
# lvdisplay/dev/mapper/vol0-test2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vol0/test2
LV Name test2
VG Name vol0
LV UUID 3TxeHB-gXRj-a1JU-Z05r-ZF4n-AEpI-eqwAzp
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time station60.example.com, 2019-04-13 10:00:50 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 48.00 MiB
Current LE 3
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
# lvextend -l +1 /dev/vol0/test2
Size of logical volume vol0/test2 changed from 48.00 MiB (3 extents) to 64.00 MiB (4 extents).
Logical volume vol0/test2 successfully resized.
# df -Th
Filesystem Type SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-rootxfs 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 xfs 45M2.6M 43M 6% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-testext4 353M 28M310M 9% /a
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 12K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
# xfs_
xfs_admin xfs_estimate xfs_info xfs_metadump xfs_repair
xfs_bmap xfs_freeze xfs_io xfs_mkfile xfs_rtcp
xfs_copy xfs_fsr xfs_logprint xfs_ncheck
xfs_db xfs_growfs xfs_mdrestorexfs_quota
# xfs_growfs /dev/vol0/test2
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 isize=512 agcount=2, agsize=6144 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=12288, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 12288 to 16384
# df -Th
Filesystem Type SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-rootxfs 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 xfs 61M2.6M 59M 5% /b
/dev/mapper/vol0-testext4 353M 28M310M 9% /a
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 12K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
#
--------------------------------------------------------------# resize2fs/dev/vol0/test 40M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/vol0/test is mounted on /a; on-line resizing required
resize2fs: On-line shrinking not supported
# umount/dev/vol0/test
# resize2fs/dev/vol0/test 40M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Please run 'e2fsck -f /dev/vol0/test' first.
# e2fsck -f /dev/vol0/test
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Inode 7, i_blocks is 4050, should be 3990.Fix<y>? yes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vol0/test: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
/dev/vol0/test: 12/94208 files (8.3% non-contiguous), 44233/376832 blocks
# e2fsck -yf /dev/vol0/test
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vol0/test: 12/94208 files (8.3% non-contiguous), 44233/376832 blocks
# resize2fs/dev/vol0/test 40M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vol0/test to 40960 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vol0/test is now 40960 blocks long.
# lvreduce -L 40M/dev/vol0/test
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 48.00 MiB.
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 48.00 MiB.
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce vol0/test? : y
Size of logical volume vol0/test changed from 368.00 MiB (23 extents) to 48.00 MiB (3 extents).
Logical volume vol0/test successfully resized.
# mount-a
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 61M2.6M 59M 5% /b
tmpfs 182M 12K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 35M 27M6.0M82% /a
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
增量写入快照 但是看快照的时候是不变的
# lvcreate -L 30M -s -ntestsnap/dev/vol0/test
Rounding up size to full physical extent 32.00 MiB
Logical volume "testsnap" created.
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%Meta%Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g
swap rhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g
test vol0 owi-aos---48.00m
test2 vol0 -wi-ao----64.00m
testsnap vol0 swi-a-s---32.00m test 0.04
# mkdir /a1
# mount/dev/vol0/testsnap/a1
# cd /a
# ls
1.imglost+found
# echo "hello world" >2.txt
# ls
1.img2.txtlost+found
# cd /a1
# ls
1.imglost+found
#
用破坏方法，认清原理：# cd /a
# ls
1.img2.txtlost+found
# dd if=/dev/zero of=3.img bs=35M count=1
dd: error writing ‘3.img’: No space left on device
1+0 records in
0+0 records out
7954432 bytes (8.0 MB) copied, 0.397343 s, 20.0 MB/s
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 61M2.6M 59M 5% /b
tmpfs 182M 12K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 35M 34M 0 100% /a
/dev/mapper/vol0-testsnap 35M 27M6.0M82% /a1
# cd /a
# lks
bash: lks: command not found...
# ls
1.img2.txt3.imglost+found
# rm -rf 1.img
# rm -rf 3.img
# ls
2.txtlost+found
# rm 0rf *
rm: cannot remove ‘0rf’: No such file or directory
rm: remove regular file ‘2.txt’? y
rm: cannot remove ‘lost+found’: Is a directory
# cd /a1
# ls
1.imglost+found
# cd /a
# ls
lost+found
# dd if=/dev/zero of=3.img bs=35M count=1
dd: error writing ‘3.img’: No space left on device
1+0 records in
0+0 records out
34779136 bytes (35 MB) copied, 0.368419 s, 94.4 MB/s
# df -h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G3.7G 14G22% /
devtmpfs 894M 0894M 0% /dev
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 910M 11M900M 2% /run
tmpfs 910M 0910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M178M837M18% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol0-test2 61M2.6M 59M 5% /b
tmpfs 182M 12K182M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 182M 0182M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vol0-test 35M 34M 0 100% /a
# cd /a
# ls
3.imglost+found
# cd /a1
# ls
# ls
# ls
#
同时观察message:
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: device-mapper: snapshots: Invalidating snapshot: Unable to allocate exception.
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 lvm: WARNING: Snapshot vol0-testsnap changed state to: Invalid and should be removed.
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 lvm: Unmounting invalid snapshot vol0-testsnap from /a1.
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev dm-6, logical block 16385, lost sync page write
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: JBD2: Error -5 detected when updating journal superblock for dm-6-8.
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: Aborting journal on device dm-6-8.
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev dm-6, logical block 16385, lost sync page write
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: JBD2: Error -5 detected when updating journal superblock for dm-6-8.
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev dm-6, logical block 1, lost sync page write
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: EXT4-fs error (device dm-6): ext4_put_super:800: Couldn't clean up the journal
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: EXT4-fs (dm-6): Remounting filesystem read-only
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: EXT4-fs (dm-6): previous I/O error to superblock detected
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev dm-6, logical block 1, lost sync page write
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 kernel: VFS: Dirty inode writeback failed for block device dm-6 (err=-5).
Apr 16 10:04:29 station60 dmeventd: No longer monitoring snapshot vol0-testsnap.
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